Austrian liberalism had produced remarkable cultural results during the second half of the 19th century and up to World War l. The Vienna medical school, second to none, was world famous, even though Freud had to develop his ideas outside of it. Outstanding scientists and historians taught at the University of Vienna. The geologist Eduard Suess combined theoretical discoveries with great practical achievements. The physicists Ernst Mach and Ludwig Boltzmann and the Austrian economic school of marginalists were internationally acclaimed.